VTA Summary

 

VTA or Transitive Animate Verb Stems

Example Stem Ending Stem Contraction Meaning
kulukíiheew Consonant (kulukiih) None make s.o. laugh
páhtheew Hidden (w) (pahtahw) w+ukw=>ookw hit s.o. by accident
móxkaweew (aw) (moxkaw) aw+ukw=>aakw find s.o.
péeshuweew (uw) (peeshuw) uw+ukw=>ookw bring s.o.
wtáxeew (x) (wutax) x+ukw=>xookw visit s.o.
néeweew (eew) (neew) None sees s.o.
muláaweew (aaw) (mulaaw) None smell s.o.invountarily

 

 

 

 

DIRECT INDICATIVE MODE

Direct Indicative Mode Objective Forms (Singular Object)

Paradigm Meaning
nu-(stem)-aaw* I — him
ku-(stem)-aaw* You — him
wu-(stem)-aawal He — him (obviative)
nu-(stem)-aawuna We — him (exclusive)
ku-(stem)-aawuna We — him (inclusive)
ku-(stem)-aawa Ye — him
wu-(stem)-aawaawal** They — him (obviative)
—-(stem)-aaw He was —

*The full (aaw) ending may be used or may be shortened to (a) at the speaker’s discretion

**optionally some speakers may use the sg ending for plural subjects:
wu-(stem)-aawal
 

 

VTA Negative Direct Indicative Mode Objective Forms Singular Object

Paradigm Meaning
mah nu-(stem)-aawi I — him not
mah ku-(stem)-aawi You — him not
mah wu-(stem)-aawiiwal He — him not (obviative)
mah nu-(stem)-aawiiwuna We — him not (exclusive)
mah ku-(stem)-aawiiwuna We — him not (inclusive)
mah ku-(stem)-aawiiwa Ye — him not
mah wu-(stem)-aawiiwaawal They — him not (obviative)
mah —-(stem)-aawi He was not —

 

 

 

 

VTA Direct Indicative Mode Objective Forms (Plural Object)

Paradigm Meaning
nu-(stem)-aawak I — them
ku-(stem)-aawak You — them
wu-(stem)-aawal* He — them (obviative)
nu-(stem)-aawuna* We — them (exclusive)
ku-(stem)-aawuna* We — them (inclusive)
ku-(stem)-aawa* Ye — them
wu-(stem)-aawaawal* They — them (obviative)
—-(stem)-aawak They were —

* These forms are the same as the sg object forms

 

 

VTA Negative Direct Indicative Mode Objective Forms Plural Object

Paradigm Meaning
mah nu-(stem)-aawiiwak I — them not
mah ku-(stem)-aawiiwak You — them not
mah wu-(stem)-aawiiwal* He — them not (obviative)
mah nu-(stem)-aawiiwuna* We — them not (exclusive)
mah ku-(stem)-aawiiwuna* We — them not (inclusive)
mah ku-(stem)-aawiiwa* Ye — them not
mah wu-(stem)-aawiiwaawal* They — them not (obviative)
mah —-(stem)-aawiiwak They were not —

*identical to sg object forms

 

 

 

 

VTA Direct Indicative Mode Absolute Forms

Noun Required Construction

Paradigm Variant Meaning
nu-(stem)-aam nu-(stem)-a I — ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate noun(s)
ku-(stem)-aam ku-(stem)-a You — ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate noun(s)
—-(stem)-eew He or She — ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate obviative noun(s)
nu-(stem)-áhna We — ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate noun(s) (excl)
ku-(stem)-áhna We — ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate noun(s) (incl)
ku-(stem)-áhmwa Ye — ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate noun(s)
—-(stem)-eewak They — ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate obviative noun(s)

 

 

VTA Negative Direct Indicative Mode Absolute Forms

Noun Required Construction

Paradigm Meaning
mah nu-(stem)-aawi I — not ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate noun(s)
mah ku-(stem)-aawi You — not ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate noun(s)
mah —-(stem)-eewi He or She — not ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate obviative noun(s)
mah nu-(stem)-aawíhna We — not ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate noun(s) (excl)
mah ku-(stem)-aawíhna We — not ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate noun(s) (incl)
mah ku-(stem)-aawíhmwa Ye — not ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate noun(s)
mah —-(stem)-eewíiwak They — not ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate obviative noun(s)

 

 

 

 

INVERSE MODE

VTA Inverse Indicative Mode Objective Forms (Singular Subject)

Structure Paradigm Meaning
nu-(stem)-(ukw)-w nu-(stem)-ukw He — me
ku-(stem)-(ukw)-w ku-(stem)-ukw He — you
wu-(stem)-(ukw)-wal wu-(stem)-ukool He (obviative) — him
nu-(stem)-(ukw)-wuna nu-(stem)-ukoona He — us (exclusive)
ku-(stem)-(ukw)-wuna ku-(stem)-ukoona He — us (inclusive)
ku-(stem)-(ukw)-uwa ku-(stem)-ukoowa He — ye
wu-(stem)-(ukw)-waawal* wu-(stem)-ukoowaawal* He (obviative) — them
X Form N/A

* optionally some speakers may use the shorter 3rd sg ending for plural subjects:

wu-(stem)-(ukw)-wal => wu-(stem)-ukool

 

 

VTA Stems Ending in (aw) or (uw) Inverse Mode

Structure Inflection Result Example Inflected Meaning
(stem-uw)-ukw (stem)ookw péeshuweew mbéeshookw He brings me
(stem-aw)-ukw (stem)aakw kŭlustáweew ngulsútaakw He listens to me
(stem-x)-ukw (stem)xookw kxweew ngaxookw He fears me

 

 

 

 

VTA Stems with ”hidden” (hw) or (sw)

Medial Meaning Stem Contraction Example
ahw tool (stem-ahw)-ukw (stem-ah)ookw páhtheew
ushw cutting (stem-ushw)-ukw (stem-ush)ookw tumúsheew
usw heat (stem-usw)-ukw (stem-us)ookw lóoseew

 

 

 

 

VTA Irregular Verb leew say to s.o.

Direct objective Direct absolute Inverse objective
ndulaaw ndula +noun ndukw
ktulaaw ktula +noun ktukw
wtulaawal leew +obv-noun wtukool
ndulaawuna nduláhna +noun ndukoona
ktulaawuna ktuláhna +noun ktukoona
ktulaawa ktuláhmwa +noun ktukoowa
wtulaawaawal leewak +obv-noun wtukoowaawal

The (l) drops before ukw in forms with a prefix on the stem.
When a preverb takes the prefix, the (l) does not drop.

VTA Irregular Verb mhwéew eat s.o.

Direct objective Direct absolute Inverse objective
nŭmwuhaaw nŭmwuha +noun nŭmwuhookw
kŭmwuhaaw kŭmwuha +noun kŭmwuhookw
mwuhaawal mhweew +obv-noun mwuhookool
numwuhaawuna numwuháhna +noun numwuhookoona
kumwuhaawuna kumwuháhna +noun kumwuhookoona
kumwuhaawa kumwuháhmwa +noun kumwuhookoowa
mwuhaawaawal mhweewak +obv-noun mwuhookoowaawal

The stem (mwuhw) collapses to (mhw) if not stressed.
If stressed, (mwuhw) drops the final (w)
(nu)(mwúhw)(aa)(w) => nŭmwúhaaw
Ngata-mhwaaw
mwu is pronounced “mo”
 

 

VTA Negative Inverse Indicative Mode Objective Forms(Singular Subject)

Paradigm Meaning
mah nu-(stem)-ukoowi He — me not
mah ku-(stem)-ukoowi He — you not
mah wu-(stem)-ukoowiiwal He (obv) — him not
mah nu-(stem)-ukoowiiwuna He — us not (exclusive)
mah ku-(stem)-ukoowiiwuna He — us not (inclusive)
mah ku-(stem)-ukoowiiwa He — ye not
mah wu-(stem)-ukoowiiwal He (obv) — them not

 

 

 

 

VTA Inverse Indicative Mode Objective Forms (Plural Subject)

Structure Paradigm Meaning
nu-(stem)-(ukw)-wak nu-(stem)-ukook They — me
ku-(stem)-(ukw)-wak ku-(stem)-ukook He — you
wu-(stem)-(ukw)-wal wu-(stem)-ukool* They (obviative) — him
nu-(stem)-(ukw)-wuna nu-(stem)-ukoona* They — us (exclusive)
ku-(stem)-(ukw)-wuna ku-(stem)-ukoona* They — us (inclusive)
ku-(stem)-(ukw)-uwa ku-(stem)-ukoowa* They — ye
wu-(stem)-(ukw)-waawal* wu-(stem)-ukoowaawal* They (obviative) — them
X Form N/A

*same as the singular subject forms

optionally some speakers may use the shorter 3rd sg ending for plural subjects:
wu-(stem)-(ukw)-wal => wu-(stem)-ukool

 

 

VTA Negative Inverse Indicative Mode Objective Forms (Plural Subject)

Paradigm Meaning
mah nu-(stem)-ukoowiiwak They — me not
mah ku-(stem)-ukoowiiwak They — you not
mah wu-(stem)-ukoowiiwal* They (obv) — him not
mah nu-(stem)-ukoowiiwuna* They — us not (exclusive)
mah ku-(stem)-ukoowiiwuna* They — us not (inclusive)
mah ku-(stem)-ukoowiiwa* They — ye not
mah wu-(stem)-ukoowiiwal* They (obv) — them not

*same as the singular subject forms

 

 

VTA Inverse Indicative Absolute Forms

Noun Required Construction

Paradigm Meaning
nu-(stem)-ukw a, some noun(s) — me
ku-(stem)-ukw a, some noun(s) — you
—-(stem)-ukw a, some noun(s) — him
nu-(stem)-ukóhna a, some noun(s) — us (excl)
ku-(stem)-ukóhna a, some noun(s) — us (incl)
ku-(stem)-ukóhmwa a, some noun(s) — ye
—-(stem)-ukook a, some noun(s) — them

 

 

VTA Negative Inverse Indicative Absolute Forms

The negative forms use the negative suffix with m endings.
(ukw) – (oowi) + (m endings)

Noun Required Construction

Paradigm Meaning
mah nu-(stem)-ukoowi a, some noun(s) — me not
mah ku-(stem)-ukoowi a, some noun(s) — you not
mah —-(stem)-ukwoowi a, some noun(s) — him not
mah nu-(stem)-ukoowíhna a, some noun(s) — us not (excl)
mah ku-(stem)-ukoowíhna a, some noun(s) — us not (incl)
mah ku-(stem)-ukoowíhmwa a, some noun(s) — ye not
mah —-(stem)-ukoowíiwak a, some noun(s) — them not

 

 

 

 

VTA Inanimate Subject Inverse Indicative Objective Forms

Noun Optional Construction

Paradigm Meaning
nu-(stem)-ukwun it — me
ku-(stem)-ukwun it — you
wu-(stem)-ukwun it — him / her
nu-(stem)-ukwuneen it — us (exclusive)
ku-(stem)-ukwuneen it — us (inclusive)
ku-(stem)-ukwuneewa it — ye
wu-(stem)-ukwuneewa it — them

(some say -ukoon instead of -ukwun)

 

 

VTA Negative Inanimate Subject Inverse Indicative Objective Forms

Noun Optional Construction

Paradigm Meaning
mah nu-(stem)-ukoowun it — me not
mah ku-(stem)-ukoowun it — you not
mah wu-(stem)-ukoowun it — him / her not
mah nu-(stem)-ukoowuneen it — us not(exclusive)
mah ku-(stem)-ukoowuneen it — us not (inclusive)
mah ku-(stem)-ukoowuneewa it — ye not
mah wu-(stem)-ukoowuneewa it — them not

 

 

 

 

VTA Plural Inanimate Subject Inverse Indicative Objective Forms

(stem)-(ukw)-(n endings, plurals)

Noun Optional Construction

Paradigm Meaning
nu-(stem)-ukwunal they — me
ku-(stem)-ukwunal they — you
wu-(stem)-ukwunal they — him / her
nu-(stem)-ukwuneen* they — us (exclusive)
ku-(stem)-ukwuneen* they — us (inclusive)
ku-(stem)-ukwuneewa* they — ye
wu-(stem)-ukwuneewa* they — them

(*identical to sg subject forms*)

 

 

VTA Negative Inanimate Plural Subject Inverse Indicative Objective Forms

Noun Optional Construction

Paradigm Meaning
mah nu-(stem)-ukoowunal they — me not
mah ku-(stem)-ukoowunal they — you not
mah wu-(stem)-ukoowunal they — him / her not
mah nu-(stem)-ukoowuneen* they — us not(exclusive)
mah ku-(stem)-ukoowuneen* they — us not (inclusive)
mah ku-(stem)-ukoowuneewa* they — ye not
mah wu-(stem)-ukoowuneewa* they — them not

(*identical to sg subject negative forms*)
 

 

VTA Inanimate Subject Inverse Indicative Absolute Forms

Noun Required Construction

Paradigm Meaning
nu-(stem)-ukw a, some noun(s) — me
ku-(stem)-ukw a, some noun(s) — you
—-(stem)-ukw* a, some noun(s) — him
nu-(stem)-ukóhna a, some noun(s) — us (excl)
ku-(stem)-ukóhna a, some noun(s) — us (incl)
ku-(stem)-ukóhmwa a, some noun(s) — ye
—-(stem)-ukook* a, some noun(s) — them

* The third person subject forms may also be used for an animate subject.
The rest of this set is used only for inanimate absolute subjects

 

 

VTA Negative Inanimate Subject Inverse Indicative Absolute Forms

Noun Required Construction

Paradigm Meaning
mah nu-(stem)-ukoowi a, some noun(s) — me not
mah ku-(stem)-ukoowi a, some noun(s) — you not
mah —-(stem)-ukwoowi a, some noun(s) — him not
mah nu-(stem)-ukoowíhna a, some noun(s) — us not (excl)
mah ku-(stem)-ukoowíhna a, some noun(s) — us not (incl)
mah ku-(stem)-ukoowíhmwa a, some noun(s) — ye not
mah —-(stem)-ukoowíiwak a, some noun(s) — them not

 

 

 

 

VTA Indefinite Subject Inverse Indicative Forms (Passives)

Paradigm Meaning
nu-(stem)-ukee(m) I was —-
ku-(stem)-ukee(m) you were —-
—-(stem)-aaw* He / She was —-
nu-(stem)-ukéhna we were —- (excl)
ku-(stem)-ukéhna we were —– (incl)
ku-(stem)-ukéhmwa ye were —–
—-(stem)-aawak* They were —–

*3rd person object with indefinite subject use the X subject (indefinite subject) forms of the indicative mode X—him, X—they-animate (stem)-aaw and (stem)-aawak
 

 

VTA Negative Indefinite Subject Inverse Indicative Forms (Passives)

Paradigm Meaning
mah nu-(stem)-ukeewi I was not —-
mah ku-(stem)-ukeewi you were not —-
mah —-(stem)-aawi* He / She was not —-
mah nu-(stem)-ukeewíhna we were not —- (excl)
mah ku-(stem)-ukeewíhna we were not —– (incl)
mah ku-(stem)-ukeewíhmwa ye were not —–
mah —-(stem)-aawiiwak* They were not —–

 

 

VTA Stems Ending in (aw) or (uw) Passives

Structure Inflection Result Example Inflected Meaning
(stem-aw)-ukee (stem)aakee kulústaweew ngulsutáake I was listened to
(stem-uw)-ukee (stem)ookee péeshuweew mbéeshooke I was brought
(stem-x)-ukee (stem)xookee kxweew ngaxooke I was feared

 

 

VTA Stems with ”hidden” (hw) or (sw) Passives

Medial Meaning Stem Contraction Example
ahw tool (stem-ahw)-ukee (stem-ah)ookee páhtheew
ushw cutting (stem-ushw)-ukee (stem-ush)ookee tumúsheew
usw heat (stem-usw)-ukee (stem-us)ookee lóoseew

 

 

VTA Irregular Verb leew say to s.o.

Direct objective Inverse objective Inanimate Subj Inanimate Subj absolute Indefinite Subj
ndulaaw ndukw ndukwun ndukw +noun nduke
ktulaaw ktukw ktukwun ktulw +noun ktuke
wtulaawal wtukool wtukwun lukw +obv-noun laaw
ndulaawuna ndukoona ndukwuneen ndukóhna +noun ndukéhna
ktulaawuna ktukoona ktukwuneen ktukóhna +noun ktukéhna
ktulaawa ktukoowa ktukwuneewa ktulóhmwa +noun ktukéhmwa
wtulaawaawal wtukoowaawal wtukwuneewa lukook +obv-noun laawak

 

 

 

 

VTA Irregular Verb mhwéew eat s.o.

Direct objective Inverse objective Inanimate Subj Inanimate Subj absolute Indefinite Subj
nŭmwuhaaw nŭmwuhookw nŭmwuhookwun nŭmwuhookw +noun nŭmwuhooke
kŭmwuhaaw kŭmwuhookw kŭmwuhookwun kŭmwuhookw +noun kŭmwuhooke
mwuhaawal mwuhookool mwuhookwun mhwukw +obv-noun mhwaaw
numwuhaawuna numwuhookoona numwuhookwuneen numwuhookóhna +noun numwuhookéhna
kumwuhaawuna kumwuhookoona kumwuhookwuneen kumwuhookóhna +noun kumwuhookéhna
kumwuhaawa kumwuhookoowa kumwuhookwuneewa kumwuhookóhmwa +noun kumwuhookéhmwa
mwuhaawaawal mwuhookoowaawal mwuhookwuneewa mhwukwak +obv-noun mhwaawak

 

 

 

 

Local Forms

Me-You Forms You-Me Forms
1st sg Subject 1st pl Subject 2nd sg Subject 2nd pl Subject
I —- you We —- you You —- me Ye —- me
I —- ye We —- ye You —- us Ye —- us

 

 

VTA Neutral You-Me Forms

Participants Paradigm
You —- me ku-(stem)-ii(m)
Ye —- me ku-(stem)-íhmwa
You —- us ku-(stem)-íhna
Ye —- us ku-(stem)-íhna

 

 

 

 

VTA Neutral You-Me Negative Forms

Participants Paradigm
You —- me not mah ku-(stem)-iiwi
Ye —- me not mah ku-(stem)-iiwíhmwa
You —- us not mah ku-(stem)-iiwíhna
Ye —- us not mah ku-(stem)-iiwíhna

 

 

 

VTA Neutral Me-You Forms

Participants Paradigm
Me, I —- you ku-(stem)-ul
Me, I —- ye ku-(stem)-ulóhmwa
We —- you ku-(stem)-ulóhna
We —- ye ku-(stem)-ulóhna

VTA Negative Neutral Me-You Forms

Participants Paradigm
Me, I —- you not mah ku-(stem)-ulóowi
Me, I —- ye not mah ku-(stem)-uloowíhmwa
We —- you not mah ku-(stem)-uloowíhna
We —- ye not mah ku-(stem)-uloowíhna

 

 

 

 

VTA Neutral Me-You Special Cases

Structure Form
ku-(stem-aw)-ul ku-(stem)-ool
ku-(stem-uw)-ul ku-(stem)-ool
ku-(stem-ahw)-ul ku-(stem-ah)-ool
ku-(stem-ushw)-ul ku-(stem-ush)-ool
ku-(stem-usw)-ul ku-(stem-us)-ool
ku(mwuhw)ul ku-(mwuh)-ool

 

 

 

 

VTA Direct Mode Subordinative

These use the direct direction marker (aa) with n endings

(prefix) (verb stem) (aa) (n ending)

Paradigm Meaning
nu-(stem)-aan I — him
ku-(stem)-aan You — him
wu-(stem)-aan He — him (obviative)
nu-(stem)-aaneen We — him (exclusive)
ku-(stem)-aaneen We — him (inclusive)
ku-(stem)-aaneewa Ye — him
wu-(stem)-aaneewa They — him (obviative)
—-(stem)-aan He was —

 

 

 

 

VTA Negative Subordinative Mode

Paradigm Meaning
mah nu-(stem)-aawun I — him not
mah ku-(stem)-aawun You — him not
mah wu-(stem)-aawun He — him not (obviative)
mah nu-(stem)-aawuneen We — him not (exclusive)
mah ku-(stem)-aawuneen We — him not (inclusive)
mah ku-(stem)-aawuneewa Ye — him not
mah wu-(stem)-aawuneewa They — him not (obviative)
mah —-(stem)-aawun He was not —

 

 

 

VTA Inverse Subordinative

Paradigm Meaning
nu-(stem)-ukwun he — me
ku-(stem)-ukwun he — you
wu-(stem)-ukwun he — him / her
nu-(stem)-ukwuneen he — us (exclusive)
ku-(stem)-ukwuneen he — us (inclusive)
ku-(stem)-ukwuneewa he — ye
wu-(stem)-ukwuneewa he — them

 

 

 

 

VTA Indefinite Subject Inverse Subordinative Mode (Passives)

These use the modified inverse direction marker (ukee) with n endings, except the 3rd person forms which use the direct X subject forms (aa) + n ending

(prefix) (verb stem) (ukee) (n ending)

Paradigm Meaning
nu-(stem)-ukeen I was —-
ku-(stem)-ukeen you were —-
—-(stem)-aan* He / She was —-
nu-(stem)-ukeeneen we were —- (excl)
ku-(stem)-ukeeneen we were —– (incl)
ku-(stem)-ukeeneewa ye were —–
—-(stem)-aaneewa They were —–

 

 

 

 

VTA Subordinative You-Me Forms

VTA Subordinative Local Forms use the (ii) and (ul) direction markers with n endings

Participants Paradigm
You —- me ku-(stem)-iin
Ye —- me ku-(stem)-íineewa
You —- us ku-(stem)-íineen
Ye —- us ku-(stem)-íineen

 

 

VTA Subordinative Me-You Forms

Participants Paradigm
Me, I —- you ku-(stem)-ul-un
Me, I —- ye ku-(stem)-ul-uneewa
We —- you ku-(stem)-ul-uneen
We —- ye ku-(stem)-ul-uneen

 

 

All VTA Subordinative Negative Forms

All Negatives
(prefix)-(stem)-(direction marker)-(oo)*-(w)-(u)-(n ending)

 

 

 

 

VTA Direct Conjunct

The conjunct endings for VTAs in direct mode are called the ‘atendings. The (aa) direction marker is only apparent in the 3rd person forms, and in all the negative conjunct forms.

Basic paradigm Meaning
(stem)-ak I —
(stem)-at You —
(stem)-aat He or She —
(stem)-eengw We — (exclusive)
(stem)-eengw We — (inclusive)
(stem)-eekw Ye —
(stem)-áhtiit They —
(stem)-ung There is —

 

 

VTA Stems Ending in (aw) or (uw) + (und)

Structure Inflection Result Example Inflected Meaning
(stem-aw)-und (stem)oond kulústaweew kulusutoond He was listened to
(stem-uw)-und (stem)oond péeshuweew péeshoond He was brought
(stem-x)-und (stem)xoond kxweew kxoond He was feared

 

 

VTA Stems with ”hidden” (hw) or (sw)

Medial Meaning Stem Contraction Example
ahw tool (stem-ahw)-und (stem-ah)oond páhtheew
ushw cutting (stem-ushw)-und (stem-ush)oond tumúsheew
usw heat (stem-usw)-und (stem-us)oond lóoseew

 

 

 

 

VTA Negative Conjunct Mode – Direct

Paradigm Meaning
mah (stem)-aawak I — not
mah (stem)-aawat You — not
mah (stem)-aakw He or She — not
mah (stem)-aaweengw We — not (exclusive)
mah (stem)-aaweengw We — not (inclusive)
mah (stem)-aaweekw Ye — not
mah (stem)-aahtiikw They — not
not attested not attested

 

 

 

 

VTA Conjunct Me-You Forms

The You-Me and Me-You conjunct forms use the ‘an’ endings, as is the case for the the VAI conjunct.
Forms using the direction marker (ii) form the conjunct as if they were VAIs ending in (ii) and those using the marker (ul) conjugate as if a consonant ending VAI.

Participants Paradigm Negative Paradigm
I —— you (stem)-ul-an mah (stem)-ul-oowan
I —— ye (stem)-ul-eekw mah (stem)-ul-ooweekw
We —-you (stem)-ul-eengw mah (stem)-ul-ooweengw
We —- ye (stem)-ul-eengw mah (stem)-ul-ooweengw

 

 

 

 

VTA Conjunct You-Me Forms

The direction marker (ii) requires an intercalated (y) before the vowel initial conjunct endings (an) (eengw) and (eekw). The vowels shift as usual:
(ii) + (y) + (an) => (uyan)

Participants Paradigm Negative Paradigm
You->me (stem)-uyan mah (stem)-iiwan
Ye–>me (stem)-uyeekw mah (stem)-iiweekw
You –> us (stem)-uyeengw mah (stem)-iiweengw
Ye –> us (stem)-uyeengw mah (stem)-iiweengw

VTA Conjunct He-Me Forms

Participants Paradigm Negative Paradigm
He –> me (stem)-ii-t mah (stem)-ii-kw
They (animate) –> me (stem)-ii-htiit mah (stem)-ii-tiikw
X –> me or (I was –) (stem)-ii-ng not attested

 

 

 

 

VTA Animate and Inanimate Subject Inverse Conjunct Mode

Paradigm Meaning
(stem)-ukwaan* He, it, or they — me
(stem)-ukwan He, it, or they — you
(stem)-ukwuk He, it, or they — him / her
(stem)-ukweengw He, it, or they — us (exclusive)
(stem)-ukweengw he,they;it,they — us (inclusive)
(stem)-ukweekw He, it, or they — ye
(stem)-ukóhtiit He, it, or they — them

* One may also use these alternatives:

(stem)-iit He — me
(stem)-íhtiit They (animate) — me

 

 

 

 

VTA Negative Animate and Inanimate Subject Inverse Conjunct Mode

Paradigm Meaning
mah (stem)-ukoowaan* He, it, or they — me not
mah (stem)-ukoowan He, it, or they — you not
mah (stem)-ukookw He, it, or they — him / her not
mah (stem)-ukooweengw He, it, or they — us not (exclusive)
mah (stem)-ukooweengw He, it, or they — us not (inclusive)
mah (stem)-ukooweekw He, it, or they — ye not
mah (stem)-ukóhtiikw He, it, or they — them not

* One may also use these alternatives:

mah (stem)-iikw He — me not
mah (stem)-íhtiikw They (animate) — me not

 

 

 

 

Indefinite Subject Conjunct Mode

Paradigm Meaning
(stem)-ukayaan* I was —-
(stem)-ukayan You were —-
(stem)-und He was —-
(stem)-ukayeengw We (exclusive) were —-
(stem)-ukayeengw We (inclusive) were —-
(stem)-ukayeekw Ye were —-
(stem)-und They were —–

* One may also use this alternative:

(stem)-iing I was —-

 

 

VTA Negative Indefinite Subject Conjunct Mode

Paradigm Meaning
mah (stem)-ukeewaan* I was not —-
mah (stem)-ukeewan You were not —-
not attested He was not —-
mah (stem)-ukeeweengw We (exclusive) were not —-
mah (stem)-ukeeweengw We (inclusive) were not —-
mah (stem)-ukeeweekw Ye were not —-
not attested They were not —–

* or mah (stem)-iiwiing
 

 

Imperatives

VTA 3rd Person Commands

Participants Imperative Paradigm Prohibitive Paradigm
(you) — him or them (stem) chii (stem)-aawi
(ye) — him or them (stem)-ooh chii (stem)-aaweekw
(we) — him or them (stem)-aatookw chii (stem)-aawiitookw*

* This form is expected but is not attested

Special stems:

    Stems ending in (ahw) =>  (ahw-aw) => (ahaw)  
    but only if (ahw) follows a strong vowel  

    Otherwise stems ending in (ahw) drop the final (w)  

 

 

VTA 1st Person Commands

Participants Imperative Paradigm Prohibitive Paradigm
(you) — me (stem)-iil chii (stem)-iiwi
(ye) — me (stem)-iikw chii (stem)-iiweekw
(we) — me (stem)-iineen chii (stem)-iiwuneen
variant => chii (stem)-iiweengw
variant => chii (stem)-iiheengw

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