Mahican VTA Passives

This mode expands on the concept of the X subject forms, where the subject is a “indefinite subject”, non-specific as to gender and number. There is no word in English to represent such a subject. The subject is vague to the point that one cannot translate using someone, because the subject could just as well be some people or something or some things.
The English passive comes closest to translating this concept.

For example:

"Indefinite Subject" hurt me. 
Someone, something, some people or some objects hurt me.
“I was hurt” (English passive form)

A logical step by step approach starting with the direct mode form of a verb will help one understand indefinite subject forms:

(1) Direct: I hurt him
(2) Inverse: He hurt me
(3) Passive: Indefinite subject hurt me
(4) Translation: I was hurt

Some verbs like amachoonaaw ‘anger s.o.’ make more sense using this step by step approach:

Direct: I made him angry.
Inverse: He made me angry.
Passive: Indefinite subject made me angry.
Translation: I was angered.

Another example: aniitahamaaw ‘think about s.o.’

Direct: You thought about him
Inverse: He thought about you.
Passive Indefinite subject thought about you.
Translation: You were being thought about.

These forms use the direction marker (ukaa) followed by m endings.
Third person forms follow a different paradigm and use the X subject forms we already know from the study of the direct mode.
Negative forms, subordinative mode forms and conjunct forms of this mode may also be inflected.

VTA Indefinite Subject Inverse Indicative Mode (Passives)

Paradigm	Meaning
nu-(stem)-ukah	I was —-
ku-(stem)-ukah	you were —-
—-(stem)-ąąw	He / She was —-
nu-(stem)-ukahna	we were —- (excl)
ku-(stem)-ukahna	we were —– (incl)
ku-(stem)-ukahnookw	we all were —– (incl)
ku-(stem)-ukahmwa	you (pl) were —–
—-(stem)-ąąk	They were —–

Naawkah  
I was seen.

Kŭnaawkah.   
You were seen.  

Naakmah naawąąw.   
He was seen.

Ndunihookah.   
I was treated so.  

Nahnąąk.   
They were killed.  

Ahwąąnąąw.   
He is loved.  

VTA Negative Indefinite Subject Inverse Indicative Mode (Passives)

Paradigm	Meaning
ustah nu-(stem)-ukaaw	I was not —-
ustah ku-(stem)-ukaaw	you were not —-
ustah —-(stem)-ąąwih	He / She was not —-
ustah nu-(stem)-ukaawíhnah	we were not —- (excl)
ustah ku-(stem)-ukaawíhnah	we were not —– (incl)
ustah ku-(stem)-ukaawihnookw	we all were not —— (incl)
ustah ku-(stem)-ukaawíhmah	you (pl) were not —–
ustah —-(stem)-ąąwiik	They were not —–

anuwaanumaaw vta honor s.o.

Ustah ndanuwaanmukaaw.   
I'm not honored.  
Ustah naawkaaw.   
I was not seen.  

Ustah kunaawkaaw.   
You were not seen.  

Ustah naawąąwih.   
He was not seen.  

Ustah nahnąąwiik.   
They were not killed.  

Ustah ahwąąnąąwih.   
He is not loved.  

Special stems :

(stem-aw)-ukaa- = (stem)-ąąkaa-
(stem-uw)-ukaa- = (stem)-ookaa-

(stem-h)-ukaa- = (stem)-hookaa-
(stem-x)-ukaa- = (stem)-xookaa-

Noonθutąąkah.
I was believed.
aw+ukaa= ąąkaa

Ustah koonθutąąkaaw.   
You were not believed.  

Anihąąw.   
He was treated so. 

Ngwaxookah.   
I was feared. 

VTA Special Stems

Structure	Inflection Result	Example	Inflected	Meaning
(stem-aw)-ukaa	(stem)ąąkaa	wunúθtawaaw	noonθutąąkah	I was believed
(stem-uw)-ukaa	(stem)ookaa	paasuwaaw	mbaasookah	I was brought
(stem-x)-ukaa	(stem)xookaa	kxwaaw	ngwaxookah	I was feared
(stem-h)-ukaa	(stem)hookaa	anihaaw	ndunihookah	I was treated so

anaaw vta say to s.o.

VTA Irregular Verb

Direct objective	Inverse objective	Inanimate Subj	Inanimate Subj absolute	Indefinite Subj
ndunąąw	ndukw	ndukwun	ndukw +noun	ndukah
ktunąąw	ktukw	ktukwun	ktukw +noun	ktukah
wtunąąn	wtukaan	wtukwun	anukw +obv-noun	anaaw
ndunąąnah	ndukoonah	ndukwunaanah	ndukóhnah +noun	ndukahnah
ktunąąnah	ktukoonah	ktukwunaanah	ktukóhnah +noun	ktukahnah
ktunąąwah	ktukoowah	ktukwunaawah	ktulóhmah +noun	ktukahmah
wtunąąwąąn	wtukoowąąn	wtukwunaawah	anukaak +obv-noun	nąąk

The (n) drops before ukw in forms with a prefix on the stem.
When a preverb takes the prefix, the (n) does not drop.

Ngátaaw-nukw. He intends to say to me.

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