Mahican VTA Passives

This mode expands on the concept of the X subject forms, where the subject is a “indefinite subject”, non-specific as to gender and number. There is no word in English to represent such a subject. The subject is vague to the point that one cannot translate using someone, because the subject could just as well be some people or something or some things.
The English passive comes closest to translating this concept.

For example:

"Indefinite Subject" hurt me. 
Someone, something, some people or some objects hurt me.
“I was hurt” (English passive form)

A logical step by step approach starting with the direct mode form of a verb will help one understand indefinite subject forms:

(1) Direct: I hurt him
(2) Inverse: He hurt me
(3) Passive: Indefinite subject hurt me
(4) Translation: I was hurt

Some verbs like amachoonāāw ‘anger s.o.’ make more sense using this step by step approach:

Direct: I made him angry.
Inverse: He made me angry.
Passive: Indefinite subject made me angry.
Translation: I was angered.

Another example: aniitahamāāw ‘think about s.o.’

Direct: You thought about him
Inverse: He thought about you.
Passive Indefinite subject thought about you.
Translation: You were being thought about.

These forms use the direction marker (ukāā) followed by m endings.
Third person forms follow a different paradigm and use the X subject forms we already know from the study of the direct mode.
Negative forms, subordinative mode forms and conjunct forms of this mode may also be inflected.

VTA Indefinite Subject Inverse Indicative Mode (Passives)

Paradigm	Meaning
nu-(stem)-ukah	I was —-
ku-(stem)-ukah	you were —-
—-(stem)-ąąw	He / She was —-
nu-(stem)-ukahna	we were —- (excl)
nu-(stem)-ukahnookw	we all were —- (excl)
ku-(stem)-ukahna	we were —– (incl)
ku-(stem)-ukahnookw	we all were —– (incl)
ku-(stem)-ukahmwa	you (pl) were —–
—-(stem)-ąąk	They were —–

Nāāwkah  
I was seen.

Kŭnāāwkah.   
You were seen.  

Nāākmah nāāwąąw.   
He was seen.

Ndunihookah.   
I was treated so.  

Nahnąąk.   
They were killed.  

Ahwąąnąąw.   
He is loved.  

VTA Negative Indefinite Subject Inverse Indicative Mode (Passives)

Paradigm	Meaning
ustah nu-(stem)-ukāāw	I was not —-
ustah ku-(stem)-ukāāw	you were not —-
ustah —-(stem)-ąąwih	He / She was not —-
ustah nu-(stem)-ukāāwíhnah	we were not —- (excl)
ustah ku-(stem)-ukāāwíhnah	we were not —– (incl)
ustah ku-(stem)-ukāāwíhmah	you (pl) were not —–
ustah —-(stem)-ąąwiik	They were not —–

anuwāānumāāw vta honor s.o.

Ustah ndanuwāānmukāāw.   
I'm not honored.  
Ustah nāāwkāāw.   
I was not seen.  

Ustah kunāāwkāāw.   
You were not seen.  

Ustah nāāwąąwih.   
He was not seen.  

Ustah nahnąąwiik.   
They were not killed.  

Ustah ahwąąnąąwih.   
He is not loved.  

Special stems :

(stem-aw)-ukāā- = (stem)-ąąkāā-
(stem-uw)-ukāā- = (stem)-ookāā-

(stem-h)-ukāā- = (stem)-hookāā-
(stem-x)-ukāā- = (stem)-xookāā-

Noonθutąąkah.
I was believed.
aw+ukāā= ąąkāā

Ustah koonθutąąkāāw.   
You were not believed.  

Anihąąw.   
He was treated so. 

Ngwaxookah.   
I was feared. 

VTA Special Stems

Structure	Inflection Result	Example	Inflected	Meaning
(stem-aw)-ukāā	(stem)ąąkāā	wunúθtawāāw	noonθutąąkah	I was believed
(stem-uw)-ukāā	(stem)ookāā	pāāsuwāāw	mbāāsookah	I was brought
(stem-x)-ukāā	(stem)xookāā	kxwāāw	ngwaxookah	I was feared
(stem-h)-ukāā	(stem)hookāā	anihāāw	ndunihookah	I was treated so

anāāw vta say to s.o.

VTA Irregular Verb

Direct objective	Inverse objective	Inanimate Subj	Inanimate Subj absolute	Indefinite Subj
ndunąąw	ndukw	ndukwun	ndukw +noun	ndukah
ktunąąw	ktukw	ktukwun	ktukw +noun	ktukah
wtunąąn	wtukāān	wtukwun	anukw +obv-noun	anāāw
ndunąąnah	ndukoonah	ndukwunāānah	ndukóhnah +noun	ndukahnah
ktunąąnah	ktukoonah	ktukwunāānah	ktukóhnah +noun	ktukahnah
ktunąąwah	ktukoowah	ktukwunāāwah	ktulóhmah +noun	ktukahmah
wtunąąwąąn	wtukoowąąn	wtukwunāāwah	anukāāk +obv-noun	nąąk

The (n) drops before ukw in forms with a prefix on the stem.
When a preverb takes the prefix, the (n) does not drop.

Ngátāāw-nukw. He intends to say to me.

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