VTA or Transitive Animate Verb Stems
| Example | Stem Ending | Stem | Contraction | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| kulukíiheew | Consonant | (kulukiih) | None | make s.o. laugh |
| páhtheew | Hidden (w) | (pahtahw) | w+ukw=>ookw | hit s.o. by accident |
| móxkaweew | (aw) | (moxkaw) | aw+ukw=>aakw | find s.o. |
| péeshuweew | (uw) | (peeshuw) | uw+ukw=>ookw | bring s.o. |
| wtáxeew | (x) | (wutax) | x+ukw=>xookw | visit s.o. |
| néeweew | (eew) | (neew) | None | sees s.o. |
| muláaweew | (aaw) | (mulaaw) | None | smell s.o.invountarily |
DIRECT INDICATIVE MODE
Direct Indicative Mode Objective Forms (Singular Object)
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| nu-(stem)-aaw* | I — him |
| ku-(stem)-aaw* | You — him |
| wu-(stem)-aawal | He — him (obviative) |
| nu-(stem)-aawuna | We — him (exclusive) |
| ku-(stem)-aawuna | We — him (inclusive) |
| ku-(stem)-aawa | Ye — him |
| wu-(stem)-aawaawal** | They — him (obviative) |
| —-(stem)-aaw | He was — |
*The full (aaw) ending may be used or may be shortened to (a) at the speaker’s discretion
**optionally some speakers may use the sg ending for plural subjects:
wu-(stem)-aawal
VTA Negative Direct Indicative Mode Objective Forms Singular Object
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| mah nu-(stem)-aawi | I — him not |
| mah ku-(stem)-aawi | You — him not |
| mah wu-(stem)-aawiiwal | He — him not (obviative) |
| mah nu-(stem)-aawiiwuna | We — him not (exclusive) |
| mah ku-(stem)-aawiiwuna | We — him not (inclusive) |
| mah ku-(stem)-aawiiwa | Ye — him not |
| mah wu-(stem)-aawiiwaawal | They — him not (obviative) |
| mah —-(stem)-aawi | He was not — |
VTA Direct Indicative Mode Objective Forms (Plural Object)
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| nu-(stem)-aawak | I — them |
| ku-(stem)-aawak | You — them |
| wu-(stem)-aawal* | He — them (obviative) |
| nu-(stem)-aawuna* | We — them (exclusive) |
| ku-(stem)-aawuna* | We — them (inclusive) |
| ku-(stem)-aawa* | Ye — them |
| wu-(stem)-aawaawal* | They — them (obviative) |
| —-(stem)-aawak | They were — |
* These forms are the same as the sg object forms
VTA Negative Direct Indicative Mode Objective Forms Plural Object
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| mah nu-(stem)-aawiiwak | I — them not |
| mah ku-(stem)-aawiiwak | You — them not |
| mah wu-(stem)-aawiiwal* | He — them not (obviative) |
| mah nu-(stem)-aawiiwuna* | We — them not (exclusive) |
| mah ku-(stem)-aawiiwuna* | We — them not (inclusive) |
| mah ku-(stem)-aawiiwa* | Ye — them not |
| mah wu-(stem)-aawiiwaawal* | They — them not (obviative) |
| mah —-(stem)-aawiiwak | They were not — |
*identical to sg object forms
VTA Direct Indicative Mode Absolute Forms
Noun Required Construction
| Paradigm | Variant | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| nu-(stem)-aam | nu-(stem)-a | I — ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate noun(s) |
| ku-(stem)-aam | ku-(stem)-a | You — ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate noun(s) |
| —-(stem)-eew | He or She — ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate obviative noun(s) | |
| nu-(stem)-áhna | We — ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate noun(s) (excl) | |
| ku-(stem)-áhna | We — ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate noun(s) (incl) | |
| ku-(stem)-áhmwa | Ye — ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate noun(s) | |
| —-(stem)-eewak | They — ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate obviative noun(s) |
VTA Negative Direct Indicative Mode Absolute Forms
Noun Required Construction
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| mah nu-(stem)-aawi | I — not ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate noun(s) |
| mah ku-(stem)-aawi | You — not ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate noun(s) |
| mah —-(stem)-eewi | He or She — not ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate obviative noun(s) |
| mah nu-(stem)-aawíhna | We — not ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate noun(s) (excl) |
| mah ku-(stem)-aawíhna | We — not ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate noun(s) (incl) |
| mah ku-(stem)-aawíhmwa | Ye — not ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate noun(s) |
| mah —-(stem)-eewíiwak | They — not ‘a’ or ‘some’ animate obviative noun(s) |
INVERSE MODE
VTA Inverse Indicative Mode Objective Forms (Singular Subject)
| Structure | Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| nu-(stem)-(ukw)-w | nu-(stem)-ukw | He — me |
| ku-(stem)-(ukw)-w | ku-(stem)-ukw | He — you |
| wu-(stem)-(ukw)-wal | wu-(stem)-ukool | He (obviative) — him |
| nu-(stem)-(ukw)-wuna | nu-(stem)-ukoona | He — us (exclusive) |
| ku-(stem)-(ukw)-wuna | ku-(stem)-ukoona | He — us (inclusive) |
| ku-(stem)-(ukw)-uwa | ku-(stem)-ukoowa | He — ye |
| wu-(stem)-(ukw)-waawal* | wu-(stem)-ukoowaawal* | He (obviative) — them |
| X Form N/A |
* optionally some speakers may use the shorter 3rd sg ending for plural subjects:
wu-(stem)-(ukw)-wal => wu-(stem)-ukool
VTA Stems Ending in (aw) or (uw) Inverse Mode
| Structure | Inflection Result | Example | Inflected | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (stem-uw)-ukw | (stem)ookw | péeshuweew | mbéeshookw | He brings me |
| (stem-aw)-ukw | (stem)aakw | kŭlustáweew | ngulsútaakw | He listens to me |
| (stem-x)-ukw | (stem)xookw | kxweew | ngaxookw | He fears me |
VTA Stems with ”hidden” (hw) or (sw)
| Medial | Meaning | Stem | Contraction | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ahw | tool | (stem-ahw)-ukw | (stem-ah)ookw | páhtheew |
| ushw | cutting | (stem-ushw)-ukw | (stem-ush)ookw | tumúsheew |
| usw | heat | (stem-usw)-ukw | (stem-us)ookw | lóoseew |
VTA Irregular Verb leew say to s.o.
| Direct objective | Direct absolute | Inverse objective |
|---|---|---|
| ndulaaw | ndula +noun | ndukw |
| ktulaaw | ktula +noun | ktukw |
| wtulaawal | leew +obv-noun | wtukool |
| ndulaawuna | nduláhna +noun | ndukoona |
| ktulaawuna | ktuláhna +noun | ktukoona |
| ktulaawa | ktuláhmwa +noun | ktukoowa |
| wtulaawaawal | leewak +obv-noun | wtukoowaawal |
The (l) drops before ukw in forms with a prefix on the stem.
When a preverb takes the prefix, the (l) does not drop.
VTA Irregular Verb mhwéew eat s.o.
| Direct objective | Direct absolute | Inverse objective |
|---|---|---|
| nŭmwuhaaw | nŭmwuha +noun | nŭmwuhookw |
| kŭmwuhaaw | kŭmwuha +noun | kŭmwuhookw |
| mwuhaawal | mhweew +obv-noun | mwuhookool |
| numwuhaawuna | numwuháhna +noun | numwuhookoona |
| kumwuhaawuna | kumwuháhna +noun | kumwuhookoona |
| kumwuhaawa | kumwuháhmwa +noun | kumwuhookoowa |
| mwuhaawaawal | mhweewak +obv-noun | mwuhookoowaawal |
The stem (mwuhw) collapses to (mhw) if not stressed.
If stressed, (mwuhw) drops the final (w)
(nu)(mwúhw)(aa)(w) => nŭmwúhaaw
Ngata-mhwaaw
mwu is pronounced “mo”
VTA Negative Inverse Indicative Mode Objective Forms(Singular Subject)
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| mah nu-(stem)-ukoowi | He — me not |
| mah ku-(stem)-ukoowi | He — you not |
| mah wu-(stem)-ukoowiiwal | He (obv) — him not |
| mah nu-(stem)-ukoowiiwuna | He — us not (exclusive) |
| mah ku-(stem)-ukoowiiwuna | He — us not (inclusive) |
| mah ku-(stem)-ukoowiiwa | He — ye not |
| mah wu-(stem)-ukoowiiwal | He (obv) — them not |
VTA Inverse Indicative Mode Objective Forms (Plural Subject)
| Structure | Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| nu-(stem)-(ukw)-wak | nu-(stem)-ukook | They — me |
| ku-(stem)-(ukw)-wak | ku-(stem)-ukook | He — you |
| wu-(stem)-(ukw)-wal | wu-(stem)-ukool* | They (obviative) — him |
| nu-(stem)-(ukw)-wuna | nu-(stem)-ukoona* | They — us (exclusive) |
| ku-(stem)-(ukw)-wuna | ku-(stem)-ukoona* | They — us (inclusive) |
| ku-(stem)-(ukw)-uwa | ku-(stem)-ukoowa* | They — ye |
| wu-(stem)-(ukw)-waawal* | wu-(stem)-ukoowaawal* | They (obviative) — them |
| X Form N/A |
*same as the singular subject forms
optionally some speakers may use the shorter 3rd sg ending for plural subjects:
wu-(stem)-(ukw)-wal => wu-(stem)-ukool
VTA Negative Inverse Indicative Mode Objective Forms (Plural Subject)
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| mah nu-(stem)-ukoowiiwak | They — me not |
| mah ku-(stem)-ukoowiiwak | They — you not |
| mah wu-(stem)-ukoowiiwal* | They (obv) — him not |
| mah nu-(stem)-ukoowiiwuna* | They — us not (exclusive) |
| mah ku-(stem)-ukoowiiwuna* | They — us not (inclusive) |
| mah ku-(stem)-ukoowiiwa* | They — ye not |
| mah wu-(stem)-ukoowiiwal* | They (obv) — them not |
*same as the singular subject forms
VTA Inverse Indicative Absolute Forms
Noun Required Construction
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| nu-(stem)-ukw | a, some noun(s) — me |
| ku-(stem)-ukw | a, some noun(s) — you |
| —-(stem)-ukw | a, some noun(s) — him |
| nu-(stem)-ukóhna | a, some noun(s) — us (excl) |
| ku-(stem)-ukóhna | a, some noun(s) — us (incl) |
| ku-(stem)-ukóhmwa | a, some noun(s) — ye |
| —-(stem)-ukook | a, some noun(s) — them |
VTA Negative Inverse Indicative Absolute Forms
The negative forms use the negative suffix with m endings.
(ukw) – (oowi) + (m endings)
Noun Required Construction
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| mah nu-(stem)-ukoowi | a, some noun(s) — me not |
| mah ku-(stem)-ukoowi | a, some noun(s) — you not |
| mah —-(stem)-ukwoowi | a, some noun(s) — him not |
| mah nu-(stem)-ukoowíhna | a, some noun(s) — us not (excl) |
| mah ku-(stem)-ukoowíhna | a, some noun(s) — us not (incl) |
| mah ku-(stem)-ukoowíhmwa | a, some noun(s) — ye not |
| mah —-(stem)-ukoowíiwak | a, some noun(s) — them not |
VTA Inanimate Subject Inverse Indicative Objective Forms
Noun Optional Construction
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| nu-(stem)-ukwun | it — me |
| ku-(stem)-ukwun | it — you |
| wu-(stem)-ukwun | it — him / her |
| nu-(stem)-ukwuneen | it — us (exclusive) |
| ku-(stem)-ukwuneen | it — us (inclusive) |
| ku-(stem)-ukwuneewa | it — ye |
| wu-(stem)-ukwuneewa | it — them |
(some say -ukoon instead of -ukwun)
VTA Negative Inanimate Subject Inverse Indicative Objective Forms
Noun Optional Construction
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| mah nu-(stem)-ukoowun | it — me not |
| mah ku-(stem)-ukoowun | it — you not |
| mah wu-(stem)-ukoowun | it — him / her not |
| mah nu-(stem)-ukoowuneen | it — us not(exclusive) |
| mah ku-(stem)-ukoowuneen | it — us not (inclusive) |
| mah ku-(stem)-ukoowuneewa | it — ye not |
| mah wu-(stem)-ukoowuneewa | it — them not |
VTA Plural Inanimate Subject Inverse Indicative Objective Forms
(stem)-(ukw)-(n endings, plurals)
Noun Optional Construction
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| nu-(stem)-ukwunal | they — me |
| ku-(stem)-ukwunal | they — you |
| wu-(stem)-ukwunal | they — him / her |
| nu-(stem)-ukwuneen* | they — us (exclusive) |
| ku-(stem)-ukwuneen* | they — us (inclusive) |
| ku-(stem)-ukwuneewa* | they — ye |
| wu-(stem)-ukwuneewa* | they — them |
(*identical to sg subject forms*)
VTA Negative Inanimate Plural Subject Inverse Indicative Objective Forms
Noun Optional Construction
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| mah nu-(stem)-ukoowunal | they — me not |
| mah ku-(stem)-ukoowunal | they — you not |
| mah wu-(stem)-ukoowunal | they — him / her not |
| mah nu-(stem)-ukoowuneen* | they — us not(exclusive) |
| mah ku-(stem)-ukoowuneen* | they — us not (inclusive) |
| mah ku-(stem)-ukoowuneewa* | they — ye not |
| mah wu-(stem)-ukoowuneewa* | they — them not |
(*identical to sg subject negative forms*)
VTA Inanimate Subject Inverse Indicative Absolute Forms
Noun Required Construction
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| nu-(stem)-ukw | a, some noun(s) — me |
| ku-(stem)-ukw | a, some noun(s) — you |
| —-(stem)-ukw* | a, some noun(s) — him |
| nu-(stem)-ukóhna | a, some noun(s) — us (excl) |
| ku-(stem)-ukóhna | a, some noun(s) — us (incl) |
| ku-(stem)-ukóhmwa | a, some noun(s) — ye |
| —-(stem)-ukook* | a, some noun(s) — them |
* The third person subject forms may also be used for an animate subject.
The rest of this set is used only for inanimate absolute subjects
VTA Negative Inanimate Subject Inverse Indicative Absolute Forms
Noun Required Construction
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| mah nu-(stem)-ukoowi | a, some noun(s) — me not |
| mah ku-(stem)-ukoowi | a, some noun(s) — you not |
| mah —-(stem)-ukwoowi | a, some noun(s) — him not |
| mah nu-(stem)-ukoowíhna | a, some noun(s) — us not (excl) |
| mah ku-(stem)-ukoowíhna | a, some noun(s) — us not (incl) |
| mah ku-(stem)-ukoowíhmwa | a, some noun(s) — ye not |
| mah —-(stem)-ukoowíiwak | a, some noun(s) — them not |
VTA Indefinite Subject Inverse Indicative Forms (Passives)
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| nu-(stem)-ukee(m) | I was —- |
| ku-(stem)-ukee(m) | you were —- |
| —-(stem)-aaw* | He / She was —- |
| nu-(stem)-ukéhna | we were —- (excl) |
| ku-(stem)-ukéhna | we were —– (incl) |
| ku-(stem)-ukéhmwa | ye were —– |
| —-(stem)-aawak* | They were —– |
*3rd person object with indefinite subject use the X subject (indefinite subject) forms of the indicative mode X—him, X—they-animate (stem)-aaw and (stem)-aawak
VTA Negative Indefinite Subject Inverse Indicative Forms (Passives)
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| mah nu-(stem)-ukeewi | I was not —- |
| mah ku-(stem)-ukeewi | you were not —- |
| mah —-(stem)-aawi* | He / She was not —- |
| mah nu-(stem)-ukeewíhna | we were not —- (excl) |
| mah ku-(stem)-ukeewíhna | we were not —– (incl) |
| mah ku-(stem)-ukeewíhmwa | ye were not —– |
| mah —-(stem)-aawiiwak* | They were not —– |
VTA Stems Ending in (aw) or (uw) Passives
| Structure | Inflection Result | Example | Inflected | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (stem-aw)-ukee | (stem)aakee | kulústaweew | ngulsutáake | I was listened to |
| (stem-uw)-ukee | (stem)ookee | péeshuweew | mbéeshooke | I was brought |
| (stem-x)-ukee | (stem)xookee | kxweew | ngaxooke | I was feared |
VTA Stems with ”hidden” (hw) or (sw) Passives
| Medial | Meaning | Stem | Contraction | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ahw | tool | (stem-ahw)-ukee | (stem-ah)ookee | páhtheew |
| ushw | cutting | (stem-ushw)-ukee | (stem-ush)ookee | tumúsheew |
| usw | heat | (stem-usw)-ukee | (stem-us)ookee | lóoseew |
VTA Irregular Verb leew say to s.o.
| Direct objective | Inverse objective | Inanimate Subj | Inanimate Subj absolute | Indefinite Subj |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ndulaaw | ndukw | ndukwun | ndukw +noun | nduke |
| ktulaaw | ktukw | ktukwun | ktulw +noun | ktuke |
| wtulaawal | wtukool | wtukwun | lukw +obv-noun | laaw |
| ndulaawuna | ndukoona | ndukwuneen | ndukóhna +noun | ndukéhna |
| ktulaawuna | ktukoona | ktukwuneen | ktukóhna +noun | ktukéhna |
| ktulaawa | ktukoowa | ktukwuneewa | ktulóhmwa +noun | ktukéhmwa |
| wtulaawaawal | wtukoowaawal | wtukwuneewa | lukook +obv-noun | laawak |
VTA Irregular Verb mhwéew eat s.o.
| Direct objective | Inverse objective | Inanimate Subj | Inanimate Subj absolute | Indefinite Subj |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nŭmwuhaaw | nŭmwuhookw | nŭmwuhookwun | nŭmwuhookw +noun | nŭmwuhooke |
| kŭmwuhaaw | kŭmwuhookw | kŭmwuhookwun | kŭmwuhookw +noun | kŭmwuhooke |
| mwuhaawal | mwuhookool | mwuhookwun | mhwukw +obv-noun | mhwaaw |
| numwuhaawuna | numwuhookoona | numwuhookwuneen | numwuhookóhna +noun | numwuhookéhna |
| kumwuhaawuna | kumwuhookoona | kumwuhookwuneen | kumwuhookóhna +noun | kumwuhookéhna |
| kumwuhaawa | kumwuhookoowa | kumwuhookwuneewa | kumwuhookóhmwa +noun | kumwuhookéhmwa |
| mwuhaawaawal | mwuhookoowaawal | mwuhookwuneewa | mhwukwak +obv-noun | mhwaawak |
Local Forms
| Me-You Forms | You-Me Forms | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg Subject | 1st pl Subject | 2nd sg Subject | 2nd pl Subject |
| I —- you | We —- you | You —- me | Ye —- me |
| I —- ye | We —- ye | You —- us | Ye —- us |
VTA Neutral You-Me Forms
| Participants | Paradigm |
|---|---|
| You —- me | ku-(stem)-ii(m) |
| Ye —- me | ku-(stem)-íhmwa |
| You —- us | ku-(stem)-íhna |
| Ye —- us | ku-(stem)-íhna |
VTA Neutral You-Me Negative Forms
| Participants | Paradigm |
|---|---|
| You —- me not | mah ku-(stem)-iiwi |
| Ye —- me not | mah ku-(stem)-iiwíhmwa |
| You —- us not | mah ku-(stem)-iiwíhna |
| Ye —- us not | mah ku-(stem)-iiwíhna |
VTA Neutral Me-You Forms
| Participants | Paradigm |
|---|---|
| Me, I —- you | ku-(stem)-ul |
| Me, I —- ye | ku-(stem)-ulóhmwa |
| We —- you | ku-(stem)-ulóhna |
| We —- ye | ku-(stem)-ulóhna |
VTA Negative Neutral Me-You Forms
| Participants | Paradigm |
|---|---|
| Me, I —- you not | mah ku-(stem)-ulóowi |
| Me, I —- ye not | mah ku-(stem)-uloowíhmwa |
| We —- you not | mah ku-(stem)-uloowíhna |
| We —- ye not | mah ku-(stem)-uloowíhna |
VTA Neutral Me-You Special Cases
| Structure | Form |
|---|---|
| ku-(stem-aw)-ul | ku-(stem)-ool |
| ku-(stem-uw)-ul | ku-(stem)-ool |
| ku-(stem-ahw)-ul | ku-(stem-ah)-ool |
| ku-(stem-ushw)-ul | ku-(stem-ush)-ool |
| ku-(stem-usw)-ul | ku-(stem-us)-ool |
| ku(mwuhw)ul | ku-(mwuh)-ool |
VTA Direct Mode Subordinative
These use the direct direction marker (aa) with n endings
(prefix) (verb stem) (aa) (n ending)
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| nu-(stem)-aan | I — him |
| ku-(stem)-aan | You — him |
| wu-(stem)-aan | He — him (obviative) |
| nu-(stem)-aaneen | We — him (exclusive) |
| ku-(stem)-aaneen | We — him (inclusive) |
| ku-(stem)-aaneewa | Ye — him |
| wu-(stem)-aaneewa | They — him (obviative) |
| —-(stem)-aan | He was — |
VTA Negative Subordinative Mode
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| mah nu-(stem)-aawun | I — him not |
| mah ku-(stem)-aawun | You — him not |
| mah wu-(stem)-aawun | He — him not (obviative) |
| mah nu-(stem)-aawuneen | We — him not (exclusive) |
| mah ku-(stem)-aawuneen | We — him not (inclusive) |
| mah ku-(stem)-aawuneewa | Ye — him not |
| mah wu-(stem)-aawuneewa | They — him not (obviative) |
| mah —-(stem)-aawun | He was not — |
VTA Inverse Subordinative
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| nu-(stem)-ukwun | he — me |
| ku-(stem)-ukwun | he — you |
| wu-(stem)-ukwun | he — him / her |
| nu-(stem)-ukwuneen | he — us (exclusive) |
| ku-(stem)-ukwuneen | he — us (inclusive) |
| ku-(stem)-ukwuneewa | he — ye |
| wu-(stem)-ukwuneewa | he — them |
VTA Indefinite Subject Inverse Subordinative Mode (Passives)
These use the modified inverse direction marker (ukee) with n endings, except the 3rd person forms which use the direct X subject forms (aa) + n ending
(prefix) (verb stem) (ukee) (n ending)
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| nu-(stem)-ukeen | I was —- |
| ku-(stem)-ukeen | you were —- |
| —-(stem)-aan* | He / She was —- |
| nu-(stem)-ukeeneen | we were —- (excl) |
| ku-(stem)-ukeeneen | we were —– (incl) |
| ku-(stem)-ukeeneewa | ye were —– |
| —-(stem)-aaneewa | They were —– |
VTA Subordinative You-Me Forms
VTA Subordinative Local Forms use the (ii) and (ul) direction markers with n endings
| Participants | Paradigm |
|---|---|
| You —- me | ku-(stem)-iin |
| Ye —- me | ku-(stem)-íineewa |
| You —- us | ku-(stem)-íineen |
| Ye —- us | ku-(stem)-íineen |
VTA Subordinative Me-You Forms
| Participants | Paradigm |
|---|---|
| Me, I —- you | ku-(stem)-ul-un |
| Me, I —- ye | ku-(stem)-ul-uneewa |
| We —- you | ku-(stem)-ul-uneen |
| We —- ye | ku-(stem)-ul-uneen |
All VTA Subordinative Negative Forms
| All Negatives |
|---|
| (prefix)-(stem)-(direction marker)-(oo)*-(w)-(u)-(n ending) |
VTA Direct Conjunct
The conjunct endings for VTAs in direct mode are called the ‘at’ endings. The (aa) direction marker is only apparent in the 3rd person forms, and in all the negative conjunct forms.
| Basic paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| (stem)-ak | I — |
| (stem)-at | You — |
| (stem)-aat | He or She — |
| (stem)-eengw | We — (exclusive) |
| (stem)-eengw | We — (inclusive) |
| (stem)-eekw | Ye — |
| (stem)-áhtiit | They — |
| (stem)-ung | There is — |
VTA Stems Ending in (aw) or (uw) + (und)
| Structure | Inflection Result | Example | Inflected | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (stem-aw)-und | (stem)oond | kulústaweew | kulusutoond | He was listened to |
| (stem-uw)-und | (stem)oond | péeshuweew | péeshoond | He was brought |
| (stem-x)-und | (stem)xoond | kxweew | kxoond | He was feared |
VTA Stems with ”hidden” (hw) or (sw)
| Medial | Meaning | Stem | Contraction | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ahw | tool | (stem-ahw)-und | (stem-ah)oond | páhtheew |
| ushw | cutting | (stem-ushw)-und | (stem-ush)oond | tumúsheew |
| usw | heat | (stem-usw)-und | (stem-us)oond | lóoseew |
VTA Negative Conjunct Mode – Direct
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| mah (stem)-aawak | I — not |
| mah (stem)-aawat | You — not |
| mah (stem)-aakw | He or She — not |
| mah (stem)-aaweengw | We — not (exclusive) |
| mah (stem)-aaweengw | We — not (inclusive) |
| mah (stem)-aaweekw | Ye — not |
| mah (stem)-aahtiikw | They — not |
| not attested | not attested |
VTA Conjunct Me-You Forms
The You-Me and Me-You conjunct forms use the ‘an’ endings, as is the case for the the VAI conjunct.
Forms using the direction marker (ii) form the conjunct as if they were VAIs ending in (ii) and those using the marker (ul) conjugate as if a consonant ending VAI.
| Participants | Paradigm | Negative Paradigm |
|---|---|---|
| I —— you | (stem)-ul-an | mah (stem)-ul-oowan |
| I —— ye | (stem)-ul-eekw | mah (stem)-ul-ooweekw |
| We —-you | (stem)-ul-eengw | mah (stem)-ul-ooweengw |
| We —- ye | (stem)-ul-eengw | mah (stem)-ul-ooweengw |
VTA Conjunct You-Me Forms
The direction marker (ii) requires an intercalated (y) before the vowel initial conjunct endings (an) (eengw) and (eekw). The vowels shift as usual:
(ii) + (y) + (an) => (uyan)
| Participants | Paradigm | Negative Paradigm |
|---|---|---|
| You->me | (stem)-uyan | mah (stem)-iiwan |
| Ye–>me | (stem)-uyeekw | mah (stem)-iiweekw |
| You –> us | (stem)-uyeengw | mah (stem)-iiweengw |
| Ye –> us | (stem)-uyeengw | mah (stem)-iiweengw |
VTA Conjunct He-Me Forms
| Participants | Paradigm | Negative Paradigm |
|---|---|---|
| He –> me | (stem)-ii-t | mah (stem)-ii-kw |
| They (animate) –> me | (stem)-ii-htiit | mah (stem)-ii-tiikw |
| X –> me or (I was –) | (stem)-ii-ng | not attested |
VTA Animate and Inanimate Subject Inverse Conjunct Mode
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| (stem)-ukwaan* | He, it, or they — me |
| (stem)-ukwan | He, it, or they — you |
| (stem)-ukwuk | He, it, or they — him / her |
| (stem)-ukweengw | He, it, or they — us (exclusive) |
| (stem)-ukweengw | he,they;it,they — us (inclusive) |
| (stem)-ukweekw | He, it, or they — ye |
| (stem)-ukóhtiit | He, it, or they — them |
* One may also use these alternatives:
| (stem)-iit | He — me |
| (stem)-íhtiit | They (animate) — me |
VTA Negative Animate and Inanimate Subject Inverse Conjunct Mode
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| mah (stem)-ukoowaan* | He, it, or they — me not |
| mah (stem)-ukoowan | He, it, or they — you not |
| mah (stem)-ukookw | He, it, or they — him / her not |
| mah (stem)-ukooweengw | He, it, or they — us not (exclusive) |
| mah (stem)-ukooweengw | He, it, or they — us not (inclusive) |
| mah (stem)-ukooweekw | He, it, or they — ye not |
| mah (stem)-ukóhtiikw | He, it, or they — them not |
* One may also use these alternatives:
| mah (stem)-iikw | He — me not |
| mah (stem)-íhtiikw | They (animate) — me not |
Indefinite Subject Conjunct Mode
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| (stem)-ukayaan* | I was —- |
| (stem)-ukayan | You were —- |
| (stem)-und | He was —- |
| (stem)-ukayeengw | We (exclusive) were —- |
| (stem)-ukayeengw | We (inclusive) were —- |
| (stem)-ukayeekw | Ye were —- |
| (stem)-und | They were —– |
* One may also use this alternative:
| (stem)-iing | I was —- |
VTA Negative Indefinite Subject Conjunct Mode
| Paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| mah (stem)-ukeewaan* | I was not —- |
| mah (stem)-ukeewan | You were not —- |
| not attested | He was not —- |
| mah (stem)-ukeeweengw | We (exclusive) were not —- |
| mah (stem)-ukeeweengw | We (inclusive) were not —- |
| mah (stem)-ukeeweekw | Ye were not —- |
| not attested | They were not —– |
* or mah (stem)-iiwiing
Imperatives
VTA 3rd Person Commands
| Participants | Imperative Paradigm | Prohibitive Paradigm |
|---|---|---|
| (you) — him or them | (stem) | chii (stem)-aawi |
| (ye) — him or them | (stem)-ooh | chii (stem)-aaweekw |
| (we) — him or them | (stem)-aatookw | chii (stem)-aawiitookw* |
* This form is expected but is not attested
Special stems:
Stems ending in (ahw) => (ahw-aw) => (ahaw)
but only if (ahw) follows a strong vowel
Otherwise stems ending in (ahw) drop the final (w)
VTA 1st Person Commands
| Participants | Imperative Paradigm | Prohibitive Paradigm |
|---|---|---|
| (you) — me | (stem)-iil | chii (stem)-iiwi |
| (ye) — me | (stem)-iikw | chii (stem)-iiweekw |
| (we) — me | (stem)-iineen | chii (stem)-iiwuneen |
| variant => | chii (stem)-iiweengw | |
| variant => | chii (stem)-iiheengw |