Noun Plurals

Noun Gender	Plural Ending
Inanimate	(noun) + (al)
Animate	(noun) + (ak)

Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns are words that represent nouns. They can be used alone or with a noun in which case they reinforce the noun with extra emphasis. The pronoun must match the status of noun gender and plurality.

Animate Demonstrative Pronouns
ya ; wa ; wan	this
yook	these
na ; nan	that
niik	those

Inanimate Demonstrative Pronouns
yu ; yoon	this
yool	these
nu ; nun	that
niil	those

Demonstrative pronouns may be used to point out objects:

Wan ha ….	This is a …. + (animate noun)
Yook ha ….	These are …. + (animate plural noun)
Yoon ha ….	This is a … + (inanimate noun)
Yool ha ….	These are …. + (inanimate plural noun)

Na ha …	That is a … + (animate noun)
Niik ha …	Those are …. + (animate plural noun)
Nu ha …	That is a …. + (inanimate noun)
Niil ha …	Those are …. + (inanimate plural noun)

A demonstrative pronoun must be in the obviative when it is used to represent an obviative noun.

Non Obviative	Obviative
wa, wan	yool
yook	yool
na,nan	niil
niik	niil

Personal Pronouns

Pronoun	Uses
nii	me,my,I
kii	you, your
neeka	him,her;his,her;he,she
niilóona	us,our,we
kiilóona	us,our,we
kiilóowa	your,ye
neekáawa	their,them,they

Animate Possessive Nouns

Possessor	Possessed Quantity = One	Possessed Quantity = More than One
my:	nu-(stem)-um	nu-(stem)-um-ak
your:	ku-(stem)-um	ku-(stem)-um-ak
his or her:	wu-(stem)-um-al (obviative)	wu-(stem)-um-al (obviative)
our (excl)	nu-(stem)-um-una	nu-(stem)-um-una
our (incl)	ku-(stem)-um-una	ku-(stem)-um-una
your:	ku-(stem)-um-uwa	ku-(stem)-um-uwa
their:	wu-(stem)-um-uwaawal	wu-(stem)-um-uwaawal

Inanimate Possessive Nouns

Possessor	Possessed Quantity = One	Possessed Quantity = More than One
my:	nu-(stem)-um	nu-(stem)-um-al
your:	ku-(stem)-um	ku-(stem)-um-al
his or her:	wu-(stem)-um	wu-(stem)-um-al
our (excl)	nu-(stem)-um-una	nu-(stem)-um-una
our (incl)	ku-(stem)-um-una	ku-(stem)-um-una
your:	ku-(stem)-um-uwa	ku-(stem)-um-uwa
their:	wu-(stem)-um-uwa	wu-(stem)-um-uwa

Diminutive Noun Paradigms

Noun Inflection	Paradigm
diminutive	(noun stem) – (ush)
diminutive pl animate	(noun stem) – (ush)-(ak)
diminutive pl inanimate	(noun stem) – (ush)-(al)
diminutive obviative	(noun stem) – (ush)-(al)
possessed diminutive	(noun stem) – (ush)-(um)*
possessed dimin. pl animate	(noun stem) – (ush)(um)(ak)*
possessed dimin. pl inanimate	(noun stem) – (ush)(um)(al)*

*(use (um) only on nouns which take the (um) possessive suffix)

Contraction rules for (ush)

Morphemes	Contracted form
(ay) + (ush)	(eesh)
(uy) + (ush)	(iish)
(uw) + (ush)	(oosh)

Contraction rules for (ung)

Morphemes	Contracted form
(ay) + (ung)	(eeng)
(uy) + (ung)	(iing)
(uw) + (ung)	(oong)

Locative Noun Paradigms

Noun Inflection	Paradigm
locative	(noun stem) – (ung)
dimin. locative sg or pl	(noun stem) – (ush)-(ung)
possessed locative	(noun stem) – (um)*-(ung)
possessed dimin. locative	(noun stem) – (ush)-(um)-(ung)*
plural possessor locative	(noun stem)-(uwaaw)-ung**
collective possessor	(noun stem)-(unaan)-ung**

*(um) is only used on nouns known to use the (um) possessive suffix

Hierarchy of Noun Inflections

Prefixes	Stem type	Dimin	Possessive	Final
				ak or al
nu				ung
ku	NOUN	ush	um	al (obv)
wu				aya
				aa
				took