Lunáapeew also has a mode called the Participle Mode. In this mode the verb modifies nouns or act as a noun.
This mode uses initial change and normal conjunct endings.
Participles may be translated using terms like : ‘that which’ or ‘he who’
Participles may use any participant as its head or main focus.
Examples:
Méexksiit.
He who is red, the red one.
(máxksuw he, s.t. animate is red)
Méexksŭyeekw.
Ye who are red.
Éeyaat.
Where he went.
eew he goes (somewhere = implied)
eeyaat: verb stem is (aa) => (ee)-(y)-(aa)-(t)
(initial change)-(y insert)-(stem)-(conj ending)
Éeyaan.
Where I went.
Péeyaat.
The one who came.
peew he comes its verb stem is (paa)
irregular participle (initial change as ee + y)
Éeyiit.
What he said.
uw he says (something = implied) stem is (ii)
eeyiit: (ee)-(y)-(ii)-(t)
(initial change)-(y insert)-(stem)-(conj ending)
The above three examples illustrate some particularities of monosyllabic verb stems, re: atypical initial change in the form of (eey)
Eelunuweelúnziit.
Arrogant man.
lunŭweelúnzuw vai-ii be an arrogant man
Eelŭnuwíixtaat.
Homely looking one
lunŭwíixteew vai-aa look homely
Wéelsiit.
The pretty one.
wulúsuw vai-ii be pretty, nice, good
Wéelihk.
The pretty thing.
wŭlút vii be pretty, nice, good
Kéewiit.
The sleeping one.
Sleeping beauty
Wéelsiit kawíiw
VAI participles are listed in the dictionary inflected for a 3rd person head (head word of the relative phrase)
Extra suffixes for obviation are not usually added, but may be added.
(-t) or (uk) endings for 3rd p sg subjects
-(oo)(htiit) for 3rd p pl subjects
Lúnuw meetáawsiit.
Evil man.
Lúnuwak meetaawsíhtiit.
Evil men.
mataawsuw vai he is evil
Meexksiit.
The red one.
Meexksíhtiit.
The red ones, those which are red.
Periph endings such -(iik) plural animate -(iil) plural inanimate or -(iil) obviative are however used in ‘fossilized’ participles and function like nouns
Meenéechiik.
Drunks.
(munee)-(t)-(iik)
(stem)- (3rd sg conj)-(animate pl)
(munéew he drinks)
A verb may be derived from this participle:
meenéetuw he is (a) drunk
(Reference Ives Goddard Delaware Verbal Morphology)
Preverbs and participles
Stems with relative roots (or a preverb) may form participles that may use as a focus any of the participants or the relative root may be the focus
A relative root is a root which could be coupled with a qualifier or a quantifier such as:
a location (wíikuw),
a means of doing something (liikáapawuw),
an amount (láawatuw),
a way of being (und),
a what or a something (uw)
etc
Laawatúyaan.
What I cost.
Laawatúyan.
What you cost.
Éendaan.
How I am.
Éendan.
How you are.
Éeyaan.
What I said.
Éeyan.
What you said.
Liikaapawúyaan.
How I stand.
Liikaapawúyeekw.
How ye stand.
liikáapawuw vai he stands in a certain way,direction.
Éeli-aaptóonayaan.
How I speak. (li with initial change)
Éenda-pumúsuyan.
Where you walk.
Séhku-alóhkayaan.
How much I worked.
Séhku-alóhkayeengw.
How long we worked.
sáhku- pv a certain length (of time, measurement)
Xwanzhíikanung weeng.
He who comes from the USA.
The American.
wum vai come from a certain place, from somewhere
wung cong 3sg
Wíikuw vai dwell there
Wíikuyaan.
Where I dwell. My home.
Wíikuyan.
Where you dwell. Your home
Wíikiit
His home.
Wíikuyeengw.
Our home.
Wíikuyeekw.
Your (pl) home.
Wiikíhtiit.
Their home.