VTIs conjugate into the conjunct mode exactly like VAIs and VOTIs.
Consonant ending VTIs include the large number of class 1a and class 1b verbs by virtue of the class markers (-am) and (-um) and class 3 VTIs ending in (m) or (nd). VAIOs with stems which end in consonants conjugate conjunct mode forms exactly like consonant ending VAIs.
VTI Conjunct – Consonant stems
| Basic paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| (consonant stem)-aan | I — |
| (consonant stem)-an | You — |
| (consonant stem)-uk | He or She — |
| (consonant stem)-eengw | We — (exclusive) |
| (consonant stem)-eengw | We — (inclusive) |
| (consonant stem)-eekw | Ye — |
| (consonant stem)-óhtiit | They — |
| Not attested | There is — |
Example: kataatam vti1a he wants s.t.
éenda-katáatamaan
éenda-katáataman
éenda-katáatang
éenda-katáatameengw
éenda-katáatameekw
éenda-kataatamóhtiit
Special cases – Consonant Stems
(1) VTI stems ending in (m) or (n) add (k) directly then nasalize the cluster (nk) or (mk) to (ng)
(2) Some speakers insert (aw) before the conjunct endings that start with a vowel:
(aan) (an) (eengw) and (eekw)
| Forms | (stem-m) | (stem-n) | (consonant stem)* |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sg | (stem-m)-aan | (stem-n)-aan | (consonant stem)-aw-aan |
| 2nd sg | (stem-m)-an | (stem-n)-an | (consonant stem)-aw-an |
| 3rd sg | (stem)-ng | (stem)-ng | (consonant stem)-uk |
| 1st pl | (stem-m)-eengw | (stem-n)-eengw | (consonant stem)-aw-eengw |
| 2nd pl | (stem-m)-eekw | (stem-n)-eekw | (consonant stem)-aw-eekw |
| 3rd pl | (stem-m)-óhtiit | (stem-n)-óhtiit | (consonant stem)-óhtiit |
Forms relevant to the discussion above are in bold type.
*optional insertion of (aw)
Examples:
Piind vti3 he puts s.t. on (clothing)
éenda-píindawaan
éenda-píindawan
éenda-píinduk
éenda-píindaweengw
éenda-píindaweekw
éenda-piindóhtiit
Meek vaio give s.t. away
éenda-méekawaan
éenda-méekawan
éenda-méekuk
éenda-méekaweengw
éenda-méekaweekw
éenda-meekóhtiit
X Subject Forms
No indefinite subject forms for consonant ending stems are used. The form (stem)-ung would be expected theoretically however these would resemble the (stem)-eengw form.
(Reference Ives Goddard Delaware Verbal Morphology)
A ‘derived passive’ form conjugated into conjunct mode could be used however. ‘Derived’ refers to the process of using part of one word to construct a new word. This process was described earlier and will be briefly reviewed below:
Derived passive verbs may be constructed by adding (-aasii) on the main part on the vti stem:
Katáatam.
He wants it
Main stem found by removing class marker (am)
(kataat) + (aasii) + (w) = derived passive vii
Kataatáasuw.
It is wanted.
(indicative mode vii)
Éenda-kataatáasiik.
When it is wanted.
(conjunct mode)
The dictionary lists derived passive verbs built from a variety of stems.
Go to VTI Practicum 9 Conjunct 1
Vowel Ending Stems
Vowel ending VTI stems includes only one class3 VTI which ends in (ii) :
Míichuw.
He eats something.
There are many VTI class2 stems which end in (oo). The (oo) marker changes to (aw) in all conjunct forms except before the 3rd personal plural ending (-htiit), and before the conjunct negative suffixes.
The indicative mode, subordinative mode and the imperative mode all use the (oo) marker as do verbs constructed using diminutive suffixes (to be described later).
VAIOs with vowel endings behave, for conjugation purposes, like VAIs. The paradigm for all these vowel endings will be reproduced below, and it is identical to the chart from the VAI Conjunct chapter.
Vowel ending stems insert (y) before the non 3rd person conjunct endings which all start with a vowel.
miichii + aan => (miichii)-y-aan => míichuyaan
The (y) induces modifications to the stem vowel as follows:
(ii) + (y) => uy (aa) + (y) => ay (ee) + y => ay
Conjugation Paradigm for Vowel Ending Stems
VTI / VAIO Conjunct – Vowel stems (ee)
| Basic paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| (stem)-ay-aan | I — |
| (stem)-ay-an | You — |
| (stem)-ee-t | He or She — |
| (stem)-ay-eengw | We — (exclusive) |
| (stem)-ay-eengw | We — (inclusive) |
| (stem)-ay-eekw | Ye — |
| (stem)-ee-htiit | They — |
| (stem)-ee-ng | There is — |
VTI / VAIO Conjunct – Vowel stems (aa)
| Basic paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| (stem)-ay-aan | I — |
| (stem)-ay-an | You — |
| (stem)-aa-t | He or She — |
| (stem)-ay-eengw | We — (exclusive) |
| (stem)-ay-eengw | We — (inclusive) |
| (stem)-ay-eekw | Ye — |
| (stem)-aa-htiit | They — |
| (stem)-aa-ng | There is — |
VTI / VAIO Conjunct – Vowel stems (ii)
| Basic paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| (stem)-uy-aan | I — |
| (stem)-uy-an | You — |
| (stem)-ii-t | He or She — |
| (stem)-uy-eengw | We — (exclusive) |
| (stem)-uy-eengw | We — (inclusive) |
| (stem)-uy-eekw | Ye — |
| (stem)-ii-htiit | They — |
| (stem)-ii-ng | There is — |
Examples to illustrate each stem type:
(1) muneew vaio he drinks something ; (ee) stable
éenda-munáyaan
éenda-munáyan
éenda-munéet
éenda-munáyeengw
éenda-munáyeekw
éenda-munéhtiit
éenda-munéenguw: vaio he says it ; (ii) unstable
éenda-úyaan *
éenda-úyán
éenda-iit
éenda-úyeengw
éenda-úyeekw
éenda-íhtiit
* or éenda-íiyaan etcwihkwihleew vaio run out of s.t. ; (aa) unstable
éenda-wihkwíhlayaan
éenda-wihkwíhlayan
éenda-wihkwíhlaat
éenda-wihkwíhlayeengw
éenda-wihkwíhlayeekw
éenda-wihkwihláhtiitConjugation paradigm for the Class 2 VTIs
These stems end in (oo) conjugate exactly like the VOTI2s (see VAI Conjunct)
The (oo) shifts to (aw) before all conjunct endings, except for the conjunct negative forms and the 3rd person plural form (-htiit) and the diminutive suffix (shii-) which retain the (-oo-)
VTI2 Conjunct stem ending in (oo)
| Basic paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|
| (stem)-aw-aan | I — |
| (stem)-aw-an | You — |
| (stem)-aakw | He or She — |
| (stem)-aw-eengw | We — (exclusive) |
| (stem)-aw-eengw | We — (inclusive) |
| (stem)-aw-eekw | Ye — |
| (stem)-oo-htiit | They — |
| (stem)-aw-ung | There is — |
péetoow vti2 he brings it
éenda-péetawaan
éenda-péetawan
éenda-péetaakw**
éenda-péetaweengw
éenda-péetaweekw
éenda-peetóhtiit
X éenda-péetawung
** Note that (aw)(k) => (aakw) due to a phonology rule
Go to VTI Practicum 10 Conjunct 2
Negative VTI Conjunct
Negatives form just like the VAI conjunct negatives:
Consonant ending stems insert (oo) before the negative suffix (w)
Regular conjunct an-endings are added to the (w).
(w) + (k) => (kw) in the 3rd sg conjunct
The 3rd person plural also has the shift to (kw) word finally.
VTI Negative Conjunct Mode
| Vowel stem paradigm | Consonant stem paradigm | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| mah (vowel stem)-waan | mah (consonant stem)-oowaan | I — not |
| mah (vowel stem)-wan | mah (consonant stem)-oowan | You — not |
| mah (vowel stem)-kw | mah (consonant stem)-ookw | He or She — not |
| mah (vowel stem)-weengw | mah (consonant stem)-ooweengw | We — not (exclusive) |
| mah (vowel stem)-weengw | mah (consonant stem)-ooweengw | We — not (inclusive) |
| mah (vowel stem)-weekw | mah (consonant stem)-ooweekw | Ye — not |
| mah (vowel stem)-htiikw | mah wu-(consonant stem)-óhtiikw | They — not |
| mah —-(vowel stem)-wung** | mah —-(consonant stem)-oowung** | There is not — |
VOTI2 stems ending in (oo) do not shift to (aw) before negative endings
It is not uncommon for speakers to use non-negative conjunct forms after mah and mahta.
This usage should not be considered incorrect.
Consonant ending examples for the negative forms:
...éeli-mah-lunumóowaan
because I didn't do it
...mah éeli-lúnumookw
because he didn't do it
...mah éeli-lunumóoweengw
because we didn't do it
...mah éeli-lunumóhtiikw
because they didn't do it
Vowel ending examples, negative VTI conjunct:
... mah éeli-miichíiwaan
because I did not eat
(unstable-ii stems revert to (ii) before negative endings)
... mah éeli-weewiitóowaan
because I do not know
(stems in (oo) do not shift to (aw) before negative endings )
... mah éeli-munéewaan
because I drink not
Go to VTI Practicum 11 Conjunct 3
Changed VTI Conjunct Mode
The Changed Conjunct Mode is used when the action of the secondary clause co-occurs simultaneously with the action of the main clause.
This mode almost always uses preverbs and corresponding verb roots that express temporal simultaneous concepts, such as ‘while’, ‘because,’ or ‘whenever.’
This mode is characterized by a shift in the inital vowels for (a) and (e) called the ‘’Initial Change’‘. This change affects the preverb vowel if present.
Inital Change:
a => ee
u => ee
ah => ehChanged vti conjunct, like other verb types, uses a variety of preverbs. Verb stems sometimes build these preverbs into their structure, and a conjunct sub-clause will then follow.
Néeli-punáng.
While she looked at it.
(neeli- pv while + conjunct)
Héesh nah ayúmaan.
Everytime I get something.
(héesh pc every)
(also written as eesh pc every)
(initial change = included in heesh)
Éendxun-pŭnámeengw.
Everytime we look at it.
(eendxun PV everytime + conj)
Éeli-weewíitaweekw.
Because ye knew it
eel- or eeli pv because + conj in a certain manner or direction
Néeka mateelúndam éeli-chanustamóhtiit.
He was unhappy because they misunderstood it.
chanústam misunderstand s.t., mishear s.t.
Éenda-ayúng.
When he got it.
eenda- PV when,where + conj
Éelkih-lóosuman.
You burned it somewhat.
eelkih- pv certain amount, extent + conjunct
Ta éelkih-lóosung?
How much of it did he burn?
Alúmsuw iiyéeskwa kiish-lúnumaan.
He left before I finished doing it.
iiyéeskwa pc before + conj
kiish- pv completed action
Ta lukíhkwi nu kataatamóhtiit?
How much (strongly) do they want that?
lukíhkwi pc extent, volume, amount
Léhlapiit lúnum.
He can do what he wants.
[lehlapiit vai = conj only verb; as one likes]
Go to VTI Practicum 12 Conjunct 4
(Paradigms: Reference Ives Goddard Delaware Verbal Morphology)